Neurodegenerative and Neuroinflammation Conference: From Discovery to Health October 18-19, 2018 Helsinki, Finland

Neurodegeneration refers to the intense loss of the structure and function of neurons that leads to the death of neurons. It causes diseases that destroy the motor neurons, where motor neurons are the nerve cells that provide its own pathway involving the electrical impulses from brain to the spinal cord. Infections and traumatic brain injuries causes acute inflammation of central nervous system that is well known as neuroinflammation. Chronic inflammations are integrated with neurodegenerative diseases.

A branch of neurology that is connected with the study of the tissues of the nervous system is termed as neuropathology. It is mainly concerned about the lesions or tumors inside the nervous system. The person who diagnose and treat the diseases connected with central nervous system are called neuropathologist. And now most of the neuropathologists are able to encounter the problems even when the patient is in the operating table. Neuroimmunology integrates the study of two complex systems, nervous and immune systems that assists neurologists to seek better knowledge during development, homeostasis and responses to injuries.

Epigenetics in the nervous system is closely connected with the interactions between the epigenetic process that includes the regulation of gene expression without changing the sequence of DNA. Epigenetic mechanisms are the mediators of several functions inside the nervous system such as adult neurogenesis, neuroplasticity and it is also experienced in higher brain functions like cognition and memory.

Neurological disorders involve any kind of disorders that arises in the nervous system. These disorders can be of structural, biochemical or electrical abnormalities in the brain, spinal cord, nerves of the peripheral nervous system that leads to a range of symptoms. Certain disorders in the nervous system cause loss of consciousness, sensory and mood changes. It has been found that there are more than 600 diseases of nervous system and a few major diseases are,

Spine cord also called as swayback is composed of 26 bones known as vertebrae. The vertebrae protection to our spinal cord that gives us an erect posture. Certain problems such as injuries, tumours and infections can cause change in the structure of spine and damages the vertebrae as well. In addition to this any losing spondylitis and scoliosis are those factors that damage the surrounding tissues of the spine structure. Spinal disorders causes more pain when bone changes with age as the spinal cord or nerves are pressured much. Treatments depend upon the disease encounter that mainly includes back braces and surgery. The disabilities due to spinal disorders are caused mainly because of the impingement of the neural elements and thus surgeries are done to decompress the neural elements and to stabilize the spine elements.

The study of anatomy and physiology of brain through the use of imaging, cellular biology, nanotechnology etc... is known to be brain mapping. It is a technique that is based on the biological quantities and properties on to the spatial representation of the human or non-human brain that leads to maps. Collection of many different tools forms this kind of mapping. Still many parts are being developed by the scientists to build up this major mapping process. It involves the convergence of various brain images which is then turned into data and later analysed to check the brain functions. Brain mapping also called as mind mapping finds its major role in better analyzation, comprehension and to generate new innovative ideas. 

A group of three conditions in the nervous system forms a genetic disorder called neurofibramatosis.The three conditions are neurofibramatosis-1, neurofibramatosis-2 and Schwannomatosis. Major causes for these conditions are the mutation that happens in the genes or in other cases it gets inherited from the parents of the patient. Instead developing the neurons the tumors help the supporting cells in their development. Tumors Neurofibramatosis-1 known as neurofibroma while f Schwann cells are involved in neurofibramatosis-2.On the other hand neural science is completely connected with the study of nerves and nerves system only. Through this study the growth of lesions and tumors inside the brain. Several organizations have been developed in order to provide a new forum to the scientists who do researches in the field of neuroscience. 

Molecular degeneration occurs in about 80,000 people and it is the common cause of adult blindness. Macular degeneration in brain results in the loss of certain important parts of eye namely retina and fovea. The progressive loss of vision in this area obviously causes input losses in the visual cortex of brain. Since this disorder mainly affects the central part of eye (macula) that is related to the central nervous system, there are certain treatments that are possible and work for degenerative diseases in the retina.

Paediatrics generally refers to the care infants, children and adolescents. It is very difficult to recognize and monitor a new-born’s brain rather than adults and children and thus the Division of Neonatology and the Division of Neurology at Children’s National Health System appeared together in 2004 to provide an exclusive Neonatal Neurology and Neurocritical Care program. Some of the neonatal issues include hypotonia, perinatal stroke, seizures, neonatal encephalopathy, and brain injuries. The person treating the new born infants are called as neonatologists and those infants with low birth weight, prematurity, congenital malfunctions are specially taken care under neonatal intensive care units(NIC’s).

The study of neurochemicals that are small peptides participating in neural activities. It also involves the study of neurotransmitters, psychopharmaceuticals and neuropeptides whereas the study of drugs that affects the functions of the cells in the nervous system and the neural mechanisms. Neurochemistry and pharmacology also has its diversities in cell injury and inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, sensory transduction, neural processing, Gene regulation & genetics, Brain development & Cell differentiation. Neurotransmitters involved in the neurochemical study are the chemical messengers that are essential to transmit the signals from one neuron to another.

The treatments to neurosurgical disorders are performed by the neurosurgeons who are committed to a multidisciplinary verge on patient care. They ensure right diagnosis and treatment plan. Neurosurgical treatments are now providing new life to the patients, those who suffer from serious disorders such as epilepsy, brain and spinal tumours and stroke are given full hope for their treatment. Convincing surgical therapies includes cyber and gamma knife, nerve decomposition and reconstruction, deep brain stimulation and minimally invasive spine surgery. In addition to these treatments, various modulations therapies have been made that targets the nervous system  and brain through electrical stimulation and also offers drugs to get rid of pain and to restore the lost function.

Neuro-rehabilitation is a compound medical process that aims at assisting in the recovery of spine injury or brain damage. The main purpose of rehabilitation is to reduce or to compensate for any functional losses in the nervous system. Neuro rehabilitation is concerned not only with the patient but also along with their families, that is their way of living, style and bodily changes that helps the affected patient to regain their lost factors. It focusses on the nutritional, psychological and creative aspects of a person’s recovery. A variety of therapies are offered to the victim such as conducting rehabilitation programs and teaching or re-training patients on mobility skills.

 Computational brain and neural engineering has a strong anticipation towards the interface between brain and computers. Neural engineering draws attention on computational and experimental neuroscience, clinical neurology, and processing of living neural tissue and encircles certain elements from robotics, informatics, and cybernetics. Brain computation inculcates the mathematical models, theoretical analysis and abstractions of the brain to understand exact principles that controls the development and structure of the nervous system. These computational brain models are more useful since they capture the important features of the biological system multiple spatial-temporal scales. Visual perception, learning and memory, and sensorimotor integration are the major domains of this brain type models.

Neurology deals with the diseases related to brain and spinal cord particularly in the central and peripheral nervous system. It incorporates a lot of disorders such as stroke, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s diseases etc… This study includes the most serious and top most neurological diseases, their diagnosis and treatment procedures. Some diseases that relates to the case report studies are as follows.